In today’s digital age, where convenience and efficiency reign supreme, it comes as no surprise that more and more members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are opting for online tithing on LDS.org. Gone are the days of wri...At least six people are suing the daughter and son-in-law of Russell M. Nelson, the president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. (Photo: KUTV) A statement from Richard and Brenda ...Jeffrey Roy Holland. Born: 3 December 1940. Ordained an Apostle: 23 June 1994. Henry Bennion Eyring. Born: 31 May 1933. Ordained an Apostle: 6 April 1995. Previous. Next. Members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles: In the Dispensation of the Fulness of Times-Church History in the Fulness of Times Student Manual.Jul 27, 2019 · Jeffrey Roy Holland. Born: 3 December 1940. Ordained an Apostle: 23 June 1994. Henry Bennion Eyring. Born: 31 May 1933. Ordained an Apostle: 6 April 1995. Previous. Next. Members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles: In the Dispensation of the Fulness of Times-Church History in the Fulness of Times Student Manual. Elder M. Russell Ballard tells a story to his family members during a council meeting in Salt Lake City on Monday, Dec. 26, 2016. Now President Ballard — as acting president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles — has been an energetic advocate of the council system in the Church stretching at least as far back as October 1993, when he …Apostolic succession the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is the process of transition to a new church president when the preceding one has died. At the head of the LDS Church are fifteen men: [1] three of them, the church president and his two counselors, form the church's highest council, the First Presidency.Here is a list of the current living apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (also known as the LDS Church or Mormon Church) and their ages: President Russell M. Nelson (born September 9, 1924) - 98 years old President Dallin H. Oaks (born August 12, 1932) - 90 years old ...Dallin Harris Oaks (born August 12, 1932) is an American religious leader and former jurist and academic who since 2018 has been the first counselor in the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called as a member of the church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1984. Currently, he is the second most …For example, J. Reuben Clark was not an apostle when he became second counselor in the First Presidency on April 6, 1933, but a year and a half later, he was ordained as an apostle and became a member of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles for one day, on October 11, 1934. Sidney Rigdon (1832–44) Jesse Gause (1832–33) Frederick G. Williams (1833 ... John the Apostle (Ancient Greek: Ἰωάννης; Latin: Ioannes c. 6 AD – c. 100 AD) or Saint John the Beloved was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. Generally listed as the youngest apostle, he was the son of Zebedee and Salome. His brother was James, who was another of the Twelve Apostles.Ordained an Apostle: 26 April 1835. Died: January 1866. David Wyman Patten. Born: 14 November 1799. Ordained an Apostle: 15 February 1835. Died: 25 …Ronald A. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1951. He married Melanie Twitchell in 1973. They are the parents of five children. He attended the University of Utah. In 1995, Utah Valley University awarded him an honorary Doctorate of Business and Commerce. Elder Rasband has held numerous Church callings, including full-time …Ministry. President Nelson, 93, was set apart as the 17th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on January 14, after serving 34 years in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Known as a Renaissance man by his colleagues, President Nelson brings to his new position a lifetime of preparation.In the midst of three days of dedicatory ceremonies for the Rome Italy Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, all members of the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (15 in all) gathered Monday for a historic group photo. It is believed to be the first time in Church history that all 15 leaders have gathered in one …(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) The Relief Society General Presidency (beginning Aug. 1, 2022): First Counselor J. Anette Dennis, left, President Camille N. Johnson and Second ...Elder Oaks is a native of Provo, Utah, and was born August 12, 1932. He and his late wife, June Dixon Oaks, are the parents of six children. She died July 21, 1998. On August 25, 2000, he married Kristen M. McMain in the Salt Lake Temple. He is a graduate of Brigham Young University (1954) and of the University of Chicago Law School (1957).AGE BIRTHDATE YEARS OF SERVICE ORDAINED AS APOSTLE AGE WHEN CALLED REPLACED; Russell M. Nelson: 99: September 9, 1924: 39.5 : April 12, 1984: 59: Richards: Dallin H. Oaks: 91: August 12, 1932: 39.5 : May 3, 1984: 51: Petersen: M. Russell Ballard: 95: October 8, 1928: 38.0 : October 10, 1985: 56: McConkie: Jeffrey R. Holland: 82: December 3 ...Howard William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and the 14th president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to …[6] The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles claims a leadership role second only to that of the First Presidency. At the time of the death of Joseph Smith, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was Brigham Young.The average age of that initial presidency was 37.4, Anderson notes. When Gause was excommunicated, the average age dropped to 33.4 years, the researcher says, but it rebounded to 37.5 with the ...Chronological List of all Prophets/Apostles *Current as of April 1, 2018 Presidents of the Church Joseph Smith Jr. (1830- 1844) Brigham Young (1847- 1877) John Taylor (1880- …Jesus Christ selected the 12 apostles from among his early followers to become his closest companions. After an intensive discipleship course and following his resurrection from the dead, the Lord fully commissioned the apostles (Matthew 28:16-2, Mark 16:15) to advance God's kingdom and carry the gospel message to the world.. We …By age 30, you should aim to have one year's salary in your 401k. Here is how much you should have in your 401k at every age. Home Investing If you’re wondering how much money you should have in your 401k, your wait is over. Retirement sav...Jun 23, 1994 · Jeffrey R. Holland was ordained a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on June 23, 1994. At the time of this call, Elder Holland was serving as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, to which he had been called on April 1, 1989. 3 Nephi 11:21–27; D&C 20:72–74 (how to perform a baptism) Acts 2:38–39 (be baptized for the remission of sins) Moroni 8:8–12; D&C 20:71–72 (baptism is not required of little children; baptism is required of all who repent) Alma 7:14–16 (baptism is cleansing, entering into a covenant of eternal life) Chapter 20: Baptism.M. Russell Ballard has served as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter–day Saints since October 6, 1985. He was sustained and set apart as acting president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles by President Russell M. Nelson On January 14, 2018.Elder Oaks is a native of Provo, Utah, and was born August 12, 1932. He and his late wife, June Dixon Oaks, are the parents of six children. She died July 21, 1998. On August 25, 2000, he married Kristen M. McMain in the Salt Lake Temple. He is a graduate of Brigham Young University (1954) and of the University of Chicago Law School (1957).Last Updated On 11 Nov 2021. Dale G. Renlund was named to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on October 3, 2015. Elder Renlund had served as a General Authority Seventy since April 2009 prior to being named to the Quorum of the Twelve. He previously served in the presidency of the Africa Southeast Area.Jesus Christ selected the 12 apostles from among his early followers to become his closest companions. After an intensive discipleship course and following his resurrection from the dead, the Lord fully commissioned the apostles (Matthew 28:16-2, Mark 16:15) to advance God's kingdom and carry the gospel message to the world.. We find the names of the 12 disciples in Matthew 10:2-4, Mark 3:14 ...When Nelson organized his First Presidency, Anderson says, the average age was 87.8 — with first counselor Dallin H. Oaks at 85 and Henry B. Eyring at 84 — not quite the oldest intact ...Ulisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian religious leader and former businessman who serves as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January …Messages of the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1833–1964. These six volumes provide the official statements and circular letters of the First Presidency from 1833 to 1964. Available in the public area of the library.In the LDS Church, the Quorum of the Twelve is officially referred to as the "Quorum of the Twelve Apostles" or "Council of the Twelve Apostles". The group normally has a leadership role in the church that is second only to the church's First Presidency. The Quorum implicitly follows the First Presidency's policies and pronouncements and its ...Robert Dean Hales was sustained to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on April 2, 1994 and ordained an apostle on April 7, 1994. He was born on August 24, 1932 to John Rulon and Vera Marie Holbrook Hales in New York City, New York. The gospel was the center of family life .Elder Boyd K. Packer, age 59, ordained an apostle on April 9, 1970. Elder Marvin J. Ashton, age 68, ordained an apostle on Dec. 2, 1971. Elder Bruce R. McConkie, age 68, ordained an apostle on Oct. 12, 1972.Russell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and retired surgeon who is the 17th and current president of the Church of Jesus Christ of …When the president of the Church passes away, the following events take place: 1. The First Presidency is automatically dissolved. 2. The two counselors in the First Presidency revert to their places of seniority in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Seniority is determined by the date on which a person was ordained to the Twelve, not by age. 3. Jul 27, 2019 · Jeffrey Roy Holland. Born: 3 December 1940. Ordained an Apostle: 23 June 1994. Henry Bennion Eyring. Born: 31 May 1933. Ordained an Apostle: 6 April 1995. Previous. Next. Members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles: In the Dispensation of the Fulness of Times-Church History in the Fulness of Times Student Manual. The average age of the apostles on January 1, 2023 was 78.7 years, the second highest it has ever been (it was briefly over 79 years in 2015 before the deaths of 3 senior apostles in short succession). The chart below shows the average age of death of apostles at death, grouped into 20-year periods. The number at the bottom of each bar ...Ulisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian religious leader and former businessman who serves as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January …As of June 1, the 15 apostles have served together for 5 years, 2 months and 2 days By Scott TaylorJune 1, 2023 8:31 a.m. EDT Every member of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve …picutres of the First Presidency and Twelve Apostles. Jesus Christ leads The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints through prophets and apostles. Read about them below. Then cut out the pictures below and tape them in place on the chart. Put tape at the top of each picture so you can still read the facts underneath! The most dramatic 20th-century discipline of a high Mormon official came in 1943, when then-apostle Richard R. Lyman was excommunicated for adultery. His wife, Amy Brown Lyman, was the general ...John Willard Young (October 1, 1844 – February 12, 1924) was a leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He is one of the few individuals to have been an apostle of the LDS Church and a member of the First Presidency without ever having been a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.And then, ideal dating is on a group basis. Stay in group activities; don’t pair off. Avoid steady dating. Steady dating is courtship, and surely the beginning of courtship ought to be delayed until you have emerged from your teens.”. President Boyd K. Packer, President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, “You’re in the Driver’s ...Our Prophets and Apostles. Image. Our Prophets and Apostles. Jesus Christ leads The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints through prophets and apostles. Read about them below. Then cut out the pictures on page F23 and tape them in place on the chart. Put tape at the top of each picture so you can lift them to read the facts underneath!The First Presidency, 2018. Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, 2018Ulisses Soares was sustained as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on March 31, 2018. Personal Life. ... Prior to his call to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Elder Soares had been serving as a General Authority Seventy since April 2, 2005. He was named a member of …Mark is known as Peter’s interpreter, both in speech and in writing. As a fisherman from Galilee, Peter may not have spoken Greek fluently, so Mark interpreted for him. In his book, Mark wrote down the observations and memories of Peter, one of the original Apostles. Mark’s book reflects Peter’s interest in spreading the gospel among the ...But, as Brigham Young, Lorenzo Snow, Joseph F. Smith, and George Albert Smith can testify—that hasn’t always been the cultural norm. So, here’s a look into an alternate universe. Another dimension where maybe our First Presidency was actually presiding over the Church in the early 1900s. Here they are, slightly aged and sporting a little ...8 Who is the most senior apostle in the LDS Church? In general, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve is the most senior apostle in the church, aside …When Nelson organized his First Presidency, Anderson says, the average age was 87.8 — with first counselor Dallin H. Oaks at 85 and Henry B. Eyring at 84 — not quite the oldest intact ...1 / 6. Download Photos. President Russell M. Nelson is now the oldest President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Russell Marion Nelson was born September 9, 1924, in Salt Lake City, the son of Marion C. and Edna Anderson Nelson. On Thursday, April 14, 2022, President Nelson is 97 years, seven months and six days old ...Oct 2, 1958 -. Today. Service 5 / 5 years. Mar 31, 2018 -. Today. 1835. 2023. An interactive timeline for visualizing the history of the LDS Apostles.For example, J. Reuben Clark was not an apostle when he became second counselor in the First Presidency on April 6, 1933, but a year and a half later, he was ordained as an apostle and became a member of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles for one day, on October 11, 1934. Sidney Rigdon (1832–44) Jesse Gause (1832–33) Frederick G. Williams (1833 ...By Scott Taylor, Church News. With President Henry B. Eyring, Second Counselor in the First Presidency, celebrating his 90th birthday Wednesday, May 31, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has for the first time four nonagenarian apostles, including all three members of the First Presidency. Leading the four who are …1 Okt 2023 ... ... Mormon Church, is led by a group of apostles who serve as its highest-ranking authorities. In this article, we'll explore the ages of the LDS ...A new interactive infographic published by threestory.com shows how long each of the LDS apostles have been serving in the Quorum of the Twelve, when they were called, and their age now. …Elder M. Russell Ballard tells a story to his family members during a council meeting in Salt Lake City on Monday, Dec. 26, 2016. Now President Ballard — as acting president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles — has been an energetic advocate of the council system in the Church stretching at least as far back as October 1993, when he talked on that subject in general conference for the ...Elder Neil Linden Andersen was named an apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on 4 April 2009. Elder Andersen was serving as the senior member of the Presidency of the Seventy prior to his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve. He was named a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1993, at age 41.Meet the 12 Apostles of Jesus Christ. Take a few moments to learn about the 12 apostles of Jesus and their characteristics. Discover lessons from the men who helped ignite the light of truth that still dwells within hearts today and calls people to come and follow Christ . 01.are they older than they used to be? In short, yes. The plot below shows the average age of all apostles (which includes all currently serving members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and the First Presidency) from 1860 to the present, along with the age of the oldest and youngest apostle.Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. M. Russell Ballard. President M. Russell Ballard has served as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of …The 12 apostles were Jesus Christ’s closest followers. Their names were Peter, Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James son of Alphaeus, Jude, Simon the Zealot, and Judas Iscariot. After Judas betrayed Jesus, Matthias was chosen to replace him.In a letter dated Jan. 1, 2000, the First Presidency — then President Gordon B. Hinckley, President Thomas S. Monson and President James E. Faust — announced the publication of “The Living Christ: The Testimony of the Apostles” and wrote the following: “The Prophet Joseph Smith declared: ‘The fundamental principles of our religion are the …We now live in a time when the gospel of Jesus Christ has been restored. But unlike the Church in times past, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints will not be overcome by general apostasy. The scriptures teach that the Church will never again be destroyed (see Doctrine and Covenants 138:44; see also Daniel 2:44).John Willard Young (October 1, 1844 – February 12, 1924) was a leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He is one of the few individuals to have been an apostle of the LDS Church and a member of the First Presidency without ever having been a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.In addition to serving as witnesses of Jesus Christ to all the world (Doctrine and Covenants 107:23), as Jesus’ apostles did, members of the current Quorum of the Twelve Apostles hold the keys of the priesthood—that is, the rights of presidency (Doctrine and Covenants 107:35; cf. 124:128)” (Encyclopedia of Mormonism [1992], 1:59–60).By Scott Taylor, Church News. Four months after he became the oldest President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, President Russell M. Nelson now has become the Church’s longest-living Apostle in this latter-day dispensation. As of August 8, 2022, President Nelson — who was born September 9, 1924, in Salt Lake City …As of June 1, the 15 apostles have served together for 5 years, 2 months and 2 days By Scott TaylorJune 1, 2023 8:31 a.m. EDT Every member of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve …A new interactive infographic published by threestory.com shows how long each of the LDS apostles have been serving in the Quorum of the Twelve, when they were called, and their age now. …The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, informally known as the LDS Church or Mormon Church, is a restorationist, nontrinitarian Christian denomination belonging to Mormonism.The church is headquartered in the United States in Salt Lake City, Utah and has established congregations and built temples worldwide. According to the church, it …Jesus Christ selected the 12 apostles from among his early followers to become his closest companions. After an intensive discipleship course and following his resurrection from the dead, the Lord fully commissioned the apostles (Matthew 28:16-2, Mark 16:15) to advance God's kingdom and carry the gospel message to the world.. We …Apostle. Church Organization. Scriptures Scripture References. Matthew 10:1–15. Luke 6:12–17. 3 Nephi 12:1–2. Doctrine and Covenants 18:26–33. Doctrine and Covenants 107:23–24. Scripture Study Resources. Topical Guide, “Apostles” Bible Dictionary, “Apostle” Guide to the Scriptures, “Apostle” Messages from Church LeadersRussell M. Nelson was sustained and set apart as the 17th president and prophet of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on Sunday, January 14, 2018, in the upper room of the Salt Lake Temple.Elder Neil Linden Andersen was named an apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on 4 April 2009. Elder Andersen was serving as the senior member of the Presidency of the Seventy prior to his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve. He was named a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1993, at age 41.Their Call and Ordination a. The night preceding the morn on which the Twelve Apostles were called and ordained was spent by the Lord in solitary seclusion; He had “continued all night in prayer to God.” b Then, when day had come, and while many people were gathering to hear more of the new and wonderful gospel of the kingdom, He called to come closer some who had theretofore been ...Elder Neil Linden Andersen was named an apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on 4 April 2009. Elder Andersen was serving as the senior member of the Presidency of the Seventy prior to his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve. He was named a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1993, at age 41.Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Anciently, Jesus Christ called twelve Apostles to help lead His Church (see Luke 6:12–13; Ephesians 4:11–13; 1 Nephi 13:40). In our day, the Lord calls men through the President of the Church to be ordained as Apostles and to serve in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (see Doctrine and Covenants 18:26–28).Who was the last LDS apostle to be excommunicated? Richard Roswell Lyman (November 23, 1870 – December 31, 1963) was an American engineer and religious leader who was an apostle in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church) from 1918 to 1943. Lyman is often noted as the most recent LDS Church apostle to have been ...Who was the last LDS apostle to be excommunicated? Richard Roswell Lyman (November 23, 1870 – December 31, 1963) was an American engineer and religious leader who was an apostle in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church) from 1918 to 1943. Lyman is often noted as the most recent LDS Church apostle to have been ...Chronology of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church) What follows is a list of events in chronological order that affected the membership of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints . 1830s 14 February 1835 Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is organized.When Nelson organized his First Presidency, Anderson says, the average age was 87.8 — with first counselor Dallin H. Oaks at 85 and Henry B. Eyring at 84 — not quite the oldest intact ...AGE BIRTHDATE YEARS OF SERVICE ORDAINED AS APOSTLE AGE WHEN CALLED REPLACED; Russell M. Nelson: 99: September 9, 1924: 39.5 : April 12, 1984: 59: Richards: Dallin H. Oaks: 91: August 12, 1932: 39.5 : May 3, 1984: 51: Petersen: M. Russell Ballard: 95: October 8, 1928: 38.0 : October 10, 1985: 56: McConkie: Jeffrey R. Holland: 82: December 3 ...4 Jan 2022 ... A young man's discipleship training under a rabbi would usually begin between the ages of 13 and 15. If this pattern was consistent with the ...When the president of the Church passes away, the following events take place: 1. The First Presidency is automatically dissolved. 2. The two counselors in the First Presidency revert to their places of seniority in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Seniority is determined by the date on which a person was ordained to the Twelve, not by age. 3. Jesus Christ selected the 12 apostles from among his early followers to become his closest companions. After an intensive discipleship course and following his resurrection from the dead, the Lord fully commissioned the apostles (Matthew 28:16-2, Mark 16:15) to advance God's kingdom and carry the gospel message to the world.. We find the names of the 12 disciples in Matthew 10:2-4, Mark 3:14 ...The following video, created by Stephen Jones and published on his YouTube channel on 31 March 2018, is a chronology of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. This latest update includes the average age of the apostles and their combined tenure.Chronological List of all Prophets/Apostles *Current as of April 1, 2018 Presidents of the Church Joseph Smith Jr. (1830- 1844) Brigham Young (1847- 1877) John Taylor (1880- 1887) Wilford Woodruff (1889- 1898) Lorenzo Snow (1898- 1901) Joseph F. Smith (1901- 1918) Heber J. Grant (1918- 1945) George Albert Smith (1945- 1951)Age Tithe Area Other assignments ; M. Russell Ballard: Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostle, President Henry B. Eyring. President M. Russell Ballard. Elder Jeffrey R. Holland, In the midst of three days of dedicatory ceremonies for the, Interestingly, the average age for apostles called in the 19th century (47 apos, Meet the 12 Apostles of Jesus Christ. Take a few moments to learn about the 12, Ministry. President Nelson, 93, was set apart as the 17th President of The , Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Lorenzo Snow, October 10, 1898, Quentin L. Cook was sustained as a member of the Quorum of the Twel, For example, J. Reuben Clark was not an apostle when , picutres of the First Presidency and Twelve Apostles. Jesus , As of June 1, the 15 apostles have served together , , Here is a list of the current living apostles of The , From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [1] [2] [3] Howard William Hun, Oct 15, 2015 · Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day , President Ezra Taft Benson, president of the Twelve, age 84, ordain, Apostle. Church Organization. Scriptures Scripture References., What follows is a list of events in chronological order that affe.