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Shooters cut vs sapi cut - albegood • 3 yr. ago. Honestly, although The shooters cut offers more relief in the chest area, the SAPI cut s

The issue is that a small shooters cut is 8x10 in size. This may be on the smal

Smart watches will get you killed at night. Al-Qaeda used the Casio F-91W - which is cheap, extremely common, weighs nothing, is water resistant, has a button for the screen light, doesn't shine under IR and doubles as a piezoelectric time …Large commercial plates (can be either shooter, swimmer, full or sapi cut) are 10"x12", often smaller nominal size of 9.5"x11.5" Your carrier is size Large, for Large SAPI plates. Yes, commercial plates are quite a bit smaller compared to SAPI. Check manufacturer specs next time, for both carrier and plates. You could probably resell either the carrier or …Sapi Cut Armor VS Shooters Cut Armor. The SAPI/ESAPI cut is a traditional body armor shape commonly found in military armor systems. SAPI inserts offer plates with a simple 45 degree cut around the shoulder. The Shooter’s Cut is a slightly modified version of the original SAPI plate geometry which is typically intended to be worn in the front ...The medium JPC is sized for SAPI plates which are 9.5” x 12.5”. I can confirm that it does fit and it works fine. There is some empty space where you would expect on the top left and right shoulders. It’s not significant. The width is a little bit tight but going up to a large would be too loose. It’s fits fine though.You might be wondering what the easiest way to cut it is. Serving size equals 1/4 of a medium squash, cooked. By the way, you might run into a kabocha with bumpy skin. Use the pointy end of a sharp knife to cut the squash on one side from stem to base (carefully rocking the knife back and forth).Use In this article, we'll outline how these two styles are different and their benefits. Additionally, we will dive into the reasons for their development and what situations you may find them useful. Read on to find out the differences between Sapi vs. Shooter's Cut. SAPI vs. Shooter's CutMay 29, 2021 · The standard sapi cut seems to be most popular, there is also a hybrid cut which has a larger slice on oneside. I've curious for those that have tried both. How did either fit? Did the extra material removed on the shooters or hybrid cut make it worth it? Shooters cut and Swimmers cut are the same thing. These days there are: - shooter/swimmer - SAPI (most common) - ESAPI (see these in the older Army ACU vests) There really is not that big of a difference between SAPI and shooter. I have shooters. If I could get SAPI at the time I would have done that. There’s way more options for SAPI.Sapi vs. Shooter’s Cut: What Are the Differences Between … 1 week ago SAPI vs. Shooter’s Cut. SAPI body armor was originally a class of body armor that could be cut in …When you’re working on a project or craft that requires the use of wood, you want to make sure you can get the components you need at a price point that’ll keep you in budget. Read on to learn how to find pre-cut wood for your next project.SAPI large is 10.125" x 13.25". So you'll have extra space both vertically and horizontally. SAPI medium is 9.5" x 12.5". So while you have a little extra vertical space, your horizontal spacing would fit in very tightly (the JPC 2.0 can stretch a bit to allow slightly oversized plates). Ideally you could get a swimmers cut version of the JPC 2 ...It is rectangle with top corners cut/angled to allow better arm movement and weapon shouldering, typically worn in the front of carriers/vests. Swimmers Cut: A more extreme clip/cut that extends further down the side of the plate rather than a 45* cut off the corner, which allows for most arm and shoulder movement.Swimmer's Cut. A swimmer's cut is a modified shooter's cut plate. The difference is that more area of the upper portion of the plate is removed to allow more movement in the shoulders and upper back. SAPI. SAPI means small arms protective inserts, which are preferred by the military. The inserts weigh from about 3 to 5 pounds …10 Nov 2021 ... This plate is offered in both a shooters cut and a SAPI Cut. HESCO 4800 Level IV Plate. The HESCO Armor 4800 is the best of the best body armor ...Apr 25, 2022 · On the other hand, SAPI and ESAPI feature a more traditional body armor shape and cut often used in military armor systems. Considering an 8″ x 10″ plate, the area of a shooter's cut is around 2.22″ x 4.45″. Conversely, SAPI and ESAPI armor have an area of approximately 1.81″ x 2.61”. For Hesco, the chart reads either Small or Large. Based on their dimensions, will a Medium Back SAPI and Large Front Shooter's Cut fit the JPC 2.0 Medium? I strongly prefer sizing my plates to the same paradigm, but yes it’ll work. The Large (10x12, nominally 9.5x11.5) Hesco cut is just a Medium swimmers cut, and they fit into the JPC, both ...This led me to reaching out to First Spear. Mr Fowlkes, their director of business development, sent me out the Strandhogg. I explained to Mr. Fowlkes how I run 10x12 shooter cut and he sent out a large/xl in the MBAV cut. One afternoon a few days ago I awoke to a pot of coffee and a box outside my door.Eyad Baba/AFP via Getty Images. It's not uncommon for violence to break out between Israel and Hamas militants in Gaza. It typically goes like this: Hamas throws rockets over the Gaza border into ...Swimmer cut vs shooters cut What Does Head Over Heels Mean Head over heels is also used to mean somebody really likes or is obsessed with something or someone, as in The team owner fell head over heels for the promising …Sep 28, 2020 · Bought a JPC 1.0 a few months ago. Swimmer Medium Plate in the front and a SAPI Medium Plate in the back. There is a little extra material in the top corners of the front plate bag because of the SAPI vs Swimmer cut of the plate bag. Though its by no means enough to worry about at all. Hi guys, thanks for watching! Subscribe if you want to see more and like my stuff.Sapi vs swimmer cut Engineered Hardwood Flooring Amazon Meanwhile, the adjacent beam saw rips a 4-foot by 8-foot sheet of the highest quality 15-millimeter-thick cabinet-grade plywood into planks that match the width of the lamellas, up to 12 inches maximum.There is no Shooter’s Cut available, but there is SAPI in all levels from IIIA to IV. Level III ceramic core plates weigh 8.5 pounds, while level IV is only slightly more massive at 8.7 pounds. If you are willing to pay a premium for SAPI plates, there is a lightweight option at 6 pounds, but the price is incredibly high at nearly $2,000 for ...SAPI cut Vs Shooter's Cut Body Armor. Beyond the plates themselves, SAPI has left a legacy in terms of plate cuts. While the sizing of the plate is slightly different from standard civilian 10×12 plates, the cut is very similar to what is considered "Shooter cut" plates. The particular shoulder cut allows for those with a properly sized ...Swimmers cut vs shooters cut armor; Swimmer cut vs sapi cut; Swimmers cut vs shooters cut; Swimming with a cut; Purple Gold And White Nails. Peachy Matte Nail Design. There is beauty in abstract art because why does everything have to be one way. Practice different flower shapes to get the complete garden effect. …Swimmer cut vs sapi cut; Shooters cut vs swimmers cut pro; Swimmers cut vs shooters cut armor; Usa swimming senior champs cuts; Ncaa a cuts swimming; One Drink Equals__ In The Eyes Of Law Enforcement. The Best. These include the horizontal gaze nystagmus test, walk and turn test and, the one-leg stand test. This is …Ceramic Rifle Plates are Not Returnable. When you need Rifle Plates WITHOUT a soft Body Armor vest underneath, you need a Stand-Alone Rifle Plate. Level IV (i.e., Level 4) is tested to stop one hit of .3006 AP, and will easily stop lesser threats. Level IV plates can stop multiple hits of lesser threats (as long as the hits have some space ...Brandon Verrett compares differences between Sapi vs Shooter cut.www.verrettstactical.comwww.verrettproductions.comArmor Plates. Sort by. Sold Out. Spartan Armor Systems Omega™ AR500 Body Armor Single Plate. From. Spartan Armor Systems Omega™ AR500 Body Armor Shooter's Cut Set of Two. From $240.00 $168.99. Chase Tactical NIJ Level III/IV 34i1 ICW Armor Plate. From $600.00 $338.99.SAPI cut Vs Shooter's Cut Body Armor. Beyond the plates themselves, SAPI has left a legacy in terms of plate cuts. While the sizing of the plate is slightly different from standard civilian 10×12 plates, the cut is very similar to what is considered "Shooter cut" plates. The particular shoulder cut allows for those with a properly sized ...A SAPI plate can be rectangular, shooters cut, or swimmers cut. Shooters cut is usually the top two corners being clipped at various angles/depths, but never very extreme. Swimmers cut is a more extreme angled cut on those corners intended to reduce weight and allow for more mobility.What's the main difference? Shooter's cut armor providers a larger coverage area but weighs more and provides less mobility of the arms. Swimmers cut provides higher mobility and lighter weight, but comes at the cost of coverage surface area.This led me to reaching out to First Spear. Mr Fowlkes, their director of business development, sent me out the Strandhogg. I explained to Mr. Fowlkes how I run 10x12 shooter cut and he sent out a large/xl in the MBAV cut. One afternoon a few days ago I awoke to a pot of coffee and a box outside my door.Both plates are NIJ 0101.06 listed, weigh the same are rated for exactly the same threats and are of the same thickness, for whatever it's worth. One difference, The Hesco is Medium SAPI, the Protech is 10x12 shooter's cut. Take a look. Hesco (medium SAPI) on top Attached File Attached File (the below picture is comparing the top of the two plates)albegood • 3 yr. ago. Honestly, although The shooters cut offers more relief in the chest area, the SAPI cut still has cut corners, just not as much, but it’s enough to provide a …The HESCO 600 Series Plates are a high-performance, lightweight armor designed for optimal comfort and protection. They are specially suited for SWAT and SORT units, and are designed for tactical operations and dynamic environments. The plates are made of advanced Spectra materials, and feature a multi-curve design for comfort, a Law Enforcement-style shooter cut, and a Military-style SAPI cut ...This video answers that question as well as the benefits of swimmers cut body armor plates. Spartan Armor Systems® Swimmers cut plates weight about 1lb less per plate than our shooters cut plates while still providing coverage for vital organs. The reduced material in the top and bottom corners of the plate allow for greater range of motion in ...In particular, we're frequently asked about the difference between SAPI, ESAPI, shooters cut and swimmers cut body armor. While these body armor types share common ballistic qualities, there are a few key differences including shape and size.STYLE SAPI CUT; HIGHLY DURABLE, WATER RESISTANT POLYURETHANE COATED CORDURA® FABRIC FINISH ... Shooter Cut -Multi Curve - Torso Plates. Part Number Nominal Width x ...FREE SHIPPING on Over 250,000 Products. Shop now and get Free Value Shipping on most orders over $49 to the contiguous 48 states, DC, and to all U.S. Military APO/FPO/DPO addresses.. Enjoy our FREE RETURNS. We want to ensure that making a return is as easy and hassle-free as possible! If for any reason you are not satisfied with …No. When you're wearing a carrier you typically are squared up to the target directly and the firearm is closer to the center of your body - the butt if the gun is on your plate regardless of cut. This is why adjustable stocks and slings are the rage. Shooter Cut : 5.6 lbs / 2.5 kg 10" x 12" Single Curve : Full Cut : 8.6 lbs / 3.9 kg 10" x ... SAPI, and Full (10” x 12” shooters cut is considered nominal 9.5” x 11.5” dimensions) Warranty: 5 years on all ballistic material excluding exterior cover and 1 year on exterior cover material and workmanship; BALLISTIC ROUNDS TESTED.Large commercial plates (can be either shooter, swimmer, full or sapi cut) are 10"x12", often smaller nominal size of 9.5"x11.5" Your carrier is size Large, for Large SAPI plates. Yes, commercial plates are quite a bit smaller compared to SAPI. Check manufacturer specs next time, for both carrier and plates. You could probably resell either the carrier or …Swimmers cut vs shooters cut costs; Swimmers cut vs shooters cut armor; Swimmer cut vs sapi cut; Swimmers cut vs shooters cut reddit; Swimmers cut vs shooters cut for men; Vigo County For Sale. This should be offered upfront and not on the contingency of you having your offer accepted. West Terre Haute, Vigo County, Indiana. …Apr 25, 2022 · On the other hand, SAPI and ESAPI feature a more traditional body armor shape and cut often used in military armor systems. Considering an 8″ x 10″ plate, the area of a shooter's cut is around 2.22″ x 4.45″. Conversely, SAPI and ESAPI armor have an area of approximately 1.81″ x 2.61”. The DFNDR Armor® Rifle Rated Level III system is an introductory lightweight body armor insert designed to defeat standard lead core .308, 7.62, .223 and 5.56 threats. Our Level III rifle rated hard armor plates are designed with a multi-curve profile to provide an ergonomic and comfortable fitting armor system that is intended to wear against ...Generally these come in 10x12 and feature the same top profile as SAPI cut plates, but with additional smaller angled cutouts at the bottom. All of our shooters cut plates are in this shape. We generally …I've noticed shooter cut to have a narrower "top" than swimmer, whereas the swimmer's cut almost has the same top width as ESAPI yet are cut lower on the sides to unrestrict arm movement. I'm 218 lbs, 6'0, 48" chest, and a 34" waist, and hate that it took me this long to find a carrier and armor combo this comfortable.Generally these come in 10x12 and feature the same top profile as SAPI cut plates, but with additional smaller angled cutouts at the bottom. All of our shooters cut plates are in this shape. We generally …Shooters cut and swimmers cut are not the same thing. Steel is fine as long as you get it coated. No, you can’t beat the shit out of ceramic and while it is durable, try not to drop it on to any hard surface where the edge of the plate will hit the hard surface first. Here is an example between shooters on the left and swimmers on the right.The 4S17M Level IV Rifle Armor Plates comes in a Shooter’s Cut & SAPI Cut option and is also available in a single curve configuration. Providing protection from Armor Piercing munitions, the CT-4S17M is an ideal choice for end users seeking an affordable high performing ballistic resistant armor plate.Swimmer's Cut. A swimmer's cut is a modified shooter's cut plate. The difference is that more area of the upper portion of the plate is removed to allow more movement in the shoulders and upper back. SAPI. SAPI means small arms protective inserts, which are preferred by the military. The inserts weigh from about 3 to 5 pounds …It gets more complicated because you have SAPI plate sizing, and then you have the civilian plates which are usually 10x12 with different cuts ie square, Shooter, Swimmer. Most Plate Carrier manufacturers make their medium carriers be able to accommodate a 10x12 plate also, since they are so common in the civilian realm.Oct 13, 2021 · However, the original shooters cut (before it was adopted inconsistently as a term) is shown below (in the middle). Generally these come in 10x12 and feature the same top profile as SAPI cut plates, but with additional smaller angled cutouts at the bottom. All of our shooters cut plates are in this shape. The dog in the movie “Shooter” is a Bernese Mountain and English Mastiff mix. The dog’s real name is Logan. The movie “Shooter” released in 2007 and starred Mark Wahlberg. The dog’s breed and name is not mentioned in the movie, but he is a ...The DFNDR Armor® Rifle Rated Level III system is an introductory lightweight body armor insert designed to defeat standard lead core .308, 7.62, .223 and 5.56 threats. Our Level III rifle rated hard armor plates are designed with a multi-curve profile to provide an ergonomic and comfortable fitting armor system that is intended to wear against ...Hence, you should take the measurements of your body (see above) and select the corresponding body armor plate width and length accordingly. Here is a general guide on selecting the size of the body armor plates. The most common sizes of the “Shooter Cut” bulletproof plates are 8 x 10 in., 10 x 12 in., and 11 x 14 in. Chest Width.Hamas has called its current offensive Operation al-Aqsa Deluge. The longer backdrop is a 16-year blockade of Gaza by Israel and Egypt that has almost destroyed …Sep 21, 2020 · Having tried on a 3810 Shooter Cut-Large (10x12), I know that they fit me pretty well. But I'm deciding between whether I should opt for a SAPI Medium size or a shooters cut large. The SAPI cut gives me more protection but the shooter cuts save me half a pound of weight, which doesn't seem like a big deal but as a backpacker I know if I ever ... SAPI cut or shooter cut plates? - AR15.COM 1 week ago Web Mar 1, 2018 · [#1] SAPI isn't a plate cut, it's a set of 5 different sizes. A SAPI plate can be rectangular, shooters cut, …Apr 2, 2018 · Right handed shooters cut vs. swimmers cut vs. normal rectangle. Rectangular: Sometimes good for protecting your back. SAPI: The top corners are clipped down. Shooter: More aggressive cut down top corners, like the left plate above. Swimmer: Most aggressively cut down on all corners, like the middle plate above. Shooters' cut plates were made because of the deficiencies in "full cut" rectangular plates, not because of a deficiency in the SAPI sizes. A SAPI-M plate is 9.5"x12 5". A shooters' cut "large" is usually 10"x12", being similarly sized to a medium SAPI, but without as much vital coverage. A SAPI-L is 10.25"x13.25" and there is no corresponding ...A SAPI style cut and curve - these plates are curved across a horizontal arc beginning around the lower corners of the top of the plate (at the cut/clipped corners) allowing the upper portion of the plate to "tilt" in toward the shooter. When looking at the edge/side of the plate you will see a smooth arc, a little more pronounced at the bottom ...I have not ran plates before and now all this shit is going down so I am buying some hesco plates and I’m on the fence about what cut to go for. I'm trying to decide on the same thing. Only I'm looking at the hesco 4401s vs the RMA 1155s. Another thing I'm looking at is that the 1155s have a lead time of about 2-4 weeks, where the hescos ... Finding a reliable key cutting shop can be a challenge, especially if you’re not sure where to look. Whether you need a new key for your car, house, or office, it’s important to find a shop that offers quality services and competitive price...SAPI cut =/= SAPI plates Large SAPI size is exactly 10.25"x13.25" Large commercial plates (can be either shooter, swimmer, full or sapi cut) are 10"x12", often smaller nominal size of 9.5"x11.5" Your carrier is size Large, for Large SAPI plates. Yes, commercial plates are quite a bit smaller compared to SAPI.HESCO - Level IV Multi curve Special Threat multi-hit testing. Our Price: $1,439.00. Hesco 4800 Level IV Plate. HESCO - Level IV NIJ Certified, plus Special Threat multi-hit testing. Our Price: $1,455.00. AT Armor offers the best quality personal body armor, ballistic plates, trauma plates and side plates in SAPI Cut, Shooters Cut, Single Curve ...May 29, 2021 · The standard sapi cut seems to be most popular, there is also a hybrid cut which has a larger slice on oneside. I've curious for those that have tried both. How did either fit? Did the extra material removed on the shooters or hybrid cut make it worth it? The HESCO 600 Series Plates are a high-performance, lightweight armor designed for optimal comfort and protection. They are specially suited for SWAT and SORT units, and are designed for tactical operations and dynamic environments. The plates are made of advanced Spectra materials, and feature a multi-curve design for comfort, a Law Enforcement-style shooter cut, and a Military-style SAPI cut ...ballistic Armor Plates cut. Square or Rectangular – Usually used to cover a persons back. Shooters Cut – Rectangle with top corners cut off to allow better ...The Duritium GT & NEW GT2 (Green Tip) special threat body armor from ShotStop® provides more protection with less bulk (only .5” thick) and less weight (just 3.5 lbs. for the NEW GT2 Shooter cut) than standard Level III body armor. Plus, with a 15-year warranty, you’ll have protection that lasts!Nov 20, 2020 · No, I don’t know if your random model of plates will fit a random model of carrier. This is super surface level info. Smart watches will get you killed at night. Al-Qaeda used the Casio F-91W - which is cheap, extremely common, weighs nothing, is water resistant, has a button for the screen light, doesn't shine under IR and doubles as a piezoelectric time …Israel and the U.S. cut off aid to Palestinians because Hamas refuses to renounce violence and recognise Israel. June 25, 2006 - Hamas militants capture Israeli …Smart watches will get you killed at night. Al-Qaeda used the Casio F-91W - which is cheap, extremely common, weighs nothing, is water resistant, has a button for the screen light, doesn't shine under IR and doubles as a piezoelectric time …Jul 23, 2019 · Though far from an expert, from the carrier and platesI have access to a 10x12 shooter cut, 10x12 swimmer cut and medium SAPI all basically fit the carrier the same. The plate pouch is square-ish so the plate just slides in and Velcro’s up. The difference between a shooter and swimmer cut vs a sapi is angled around the edges. Apr 4, 2022 · slide 1 of 1. The Crye Airlite Structural Plate Carrier, or SPC, is a perfectly named carrier. It’s made entirely out of 1.1 pounds of laser-cut laminate material, so when it’s strapped to ... Shooters cut or SAPI cut? For the people who have used both plate cuts, which did you prefer? I'm looking at hesco 3811C's and want to know if I should go with the 10x12 "law …Sign in or Register · Home · Armor · Body Armor · Level IIIA · Vanguard Level IIIA+ (SAPI ... Vanguard Level IIIA+ (Shooters Cut). Quick view. Choose Options.Hamas has called its current offensive Operation al-Aqsa Deluge. The longer backdrop is a 16-year blockade of Gaza by Israel and Egypt that has almost destroyed …You're welcome and apologies for the delay. Please see below plate dimensions for our standard JPC 2.0 carrier. We recommend a large JPC 2.0 if you are using 10 x 12 x 1 inch plates. Please let me know if questions. SMALL: 8.75 x 11.75 MEDIUM: 9.5 x 12.5 LARGE: 10.50 x 13.25 XLARGE: 11.25 x 14. Best Regards, Kiasha Lewis “.Video editing is an essential part of the content creation process, and Final Cut Pro X has established itself as one of the leading video editing software in the market. Before you start editing your videos with Final Cut Pro X, you need t...It is rectangle with top corners cut/angled to allow better arm movement and weapon shouldering, typically worn in the front of carriers/vests. Swimmers Cut: A more extreme clip/cut that extends further down the side of the plate rather than a 45* cut off the corner, which allows for most arm and shoulder movement.The JPC 2.0 and JPC Swimmer Cut is designed to accept plates of the following below dimensions (note: same dimensions apply for soft panels). Customers can purchase plates in various thicknesses. Our plate pouches should accommodate any typical thickness. These dimensions represent the basic width and height of the JPC 2.0 and Swimmer Cut …Shooters cut and Swimmers cut are the same thing. These days there are: - shooter/swimmer - SAPI (most common) - ESAPI (see these in the older Army ACU vests) There really is not that big of a difference between SAPI and shooter. I have shooters. If I could get SAPI at the time I would have done that. There’s way more options for SAPI.Feb 24, 2021 · SAPI large is 10.125" x 13.25". So you'll have extra space both vertically and horizontally. SAPI medium is 9.5" x 12.5". So while you have a little extra vertical space, your horizontal spacing would fit in very tightly (the JPC 2.0 can stretch a bit to allow slightly oversized plates). Ideally you could get a swimmers cut version of the JPC 2 ... This plate is offered in both a shooters cut and a SAPI Cut. HESCO 4800 Level IV Plate. The HESCO Armor 4800 is the best of the best body armor and offers premier protection, along with weight reduction. The 4800 is a comfortable, lightweight, thin, multicurve level IV plate from HESCO Armors 800 “Professional Series”.Sapi vs. Shooter’s Cut: What Are the Differences Between … 4 days ago SAPI vs. Shooter’s Cut. SAPI body armor was originally a class of body armor that could be cut in different ways, such as a shooter’s cut or swimmer’s cut. In recent years SAPI has taken on a different meaning and is now representative of a specific style of cut.Sapi vs swimmer cut Engineered Hardwood Flooring Amazon Meanwhile, the adjacent beam saw rips a 4-foot by 8-foot sheet of the highest quality 15-millimeter-thick cabinet-grade plywood into planks that match the width of the lamellas, up to 12 inches maximum.I'm looking at hesco 3811C's and want to know if I should go with the 10x12 "law enforcement" c, [#1] SAPI isn't a plate cut, it's a set of 5 different sizes. A SAPI plate can , Feb 24, 2021 · SAPI large is 10.125" x 13.25". So you'll have extra space both vertica, Sapi vs. Shooter’s Cut: What Are the Differences Between … 1 week ago SAPI vs. Shooter’s Cut. SAPI body armor was origi, This led me to reaching out to First Spear. Mr Fowlkes, their director of business dev, LAW ENFORCEMENT-STYLE SHOOTER CUT AND MILITARY STYLE SAPI CUT; HI, Shooters cut vs swimmers cut by fred; Swimmer cut vs sapi cut; Shooters cut, STYLE SAPI CUT; HIGHLY DURABLE, WATER RESISTANT POLYURETHAN, 800 Series. DESIGNED FOR ELITE, FAST MOVING TACTICAL UNITS. Pa, The Velocity Systems LWPC has an internal plate adjustm, No time or money spend full term of ownership. *Pol, Laser cut Molle platform on front, rear, and cummerbund r, The two most popular cuts for plating come in the forms of , SAPI Shooters Cut or. Shooters cut vs swimmers cut by fred. Ceramic Pl, I typically recommend getting plates before your carrier,, Shooter Cut : 5.6 lbs / 2.5 kg 10" x 12" , Based on the comparison it’s clear my Shellback pla, The SAPI specification was designed as an improvem.