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15 degree bend multiplier - Compute the radius, degrees in bend, developed length, and gain for conduit up to six inches. Conduit

a bend used to change direction in a conduit run. True or False: Parallel offsets can be

What is the multiplier for a 10 degree bend? 6 The distance between bends found by multiplying the height of the offset by the cosecant of the angle is a method given in many popular handbooks, manuals, and references. This is where the multipliers of 6 for 10 degrees, 2.6 for 22.5 degrees, 2.0 for 30 degrees, 1.4 for 45 degrees, and 1.2 for 60 …135 degrees: 1.25476-in. arc length × 0.125 in. = 0.156-in. inside radius. 120 degrees: 1.18985-in. arc length × 0.125 in. = 0.148-in. inside radius. 90 degrees: 1.09295-in. arc length × 0.125 in. = 0.136-in. inside radius ... Of course, this doesn’t account for another piece of the puzzle—springback—or, more specifically, the bent/bend multiplier. The …The multiplier for a 45 degree bend is 1.4142 (rounded off to 1.4) times the height of the offset. All offset multipliers are the cosecant of the angle. (inverse of the sine of the angle). However ...Slide the conduit forward to the 63" mark and, after rotating the conduit 180° once more, make the final bend. The saddle is complete; the run of conduit may now cross the obstruction without difficulty. One of the advantages of a 4-point saddle is that it can be broken in the center, using two pieces of conduit to make the complete saddle.The bend allowance is an approximation of this bend's total length (our arc length calculator is the perfect tool to calculate the length of a curved line segment).. Usually, your supplier will have a bend allowance chart for each type of bend and material, such as a 90-degree bend deduction chart (we will cover bend deduction later on in the …What is the multiplier for a 30 degree bend on a 1 inch EMT bender? Degrees of bendMultiplier222.6302.0451.4601.21. What is the multiplier for 30 degree bend? The most common deducts are 5 for conduit, 6 for conduit and 8 for a 1 bender. It is a function of the curvature radius of the bender and cannot be changed.Distance between bends STEP 5: Rnd the distance between SL~n ~he bender arrow with each 4" 4500" 4.334" o Protect the end of the conduit. bends and mark the condUlt. mark on each conduit and bend. MEASURING THE CONDUIT Radlus 2 x Multlpller = Dlstance each to the degree of angle.A multiplier is a value created by taking the reciprocal of the sine from theta and then multiply that value by the opposite. The multiplier is usually simplified by set degree marks that are common bends. Such as 10˚, 22.5˚, 30˚, 45˚, and 60˚. note 1/Sin (θ) • Opposite Shrink ConstantThe saddle bend is similar to an offset bend, but in this case the same plane is resumed. It is used most often when another pipe is encountered. Most common is a 45° center bend and two 22-1/2° outer bends, but you can use a 60° center bend and two 30° bends.Numerators and denominators, oh my! It sounds complicated, but learning how to multiply fractions is easy. It just takes three simple steps. Advertisement You might have been in fifth grade the last time you thought about how to multiply fr...of shoe clamp and make second bend. Offset Beam Front Edge of Clamp Min. 2˝ Box Mark #1 Mark #2 M See Table A 52 Offset Bending Table A To locate distance between centers of offset bending marks other than listed in Table A, use the following multipliers: 15° Bend—3.9; 30° Bend—2.0; 45 Bend—1.4. 15° Bend 30° Bend 45° Bend Offset ...Assume we need a 4" offset, and that it must take place in exactly 15". What is the angle to be used? We know that A = 4 and B = 15. We also know that tan(d) = 4 / 15, or .2666. The calculator tells us that the inverse tangent of .2666 = 15º. At the same time we can find the multiplier of a 15º bend by dividing one byThen subtract that distance from the "change of direction" distance. This is the middle of your bend. Write this number, calling it "bend." Make the measurement near the bottom of the bending shoe, as close to the centerline of the conduit as possible. Mark the conduit to show the middle of the bend. Step 4. Verify marks will make correct bend.21-3/4 inches. Two 90-degree bends in the same piece of conduit are required for a (n)? Back-to-back bend. When creating an offset using 10-degree bends (with a multiplier of 6) to cross a 6-inch obstruction, the distance between the bends is? 36 inches. Which of the following is most commonly used to cut RMC and IMC?Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The center of bend marks are usually indicated on a new mechanical/electric bender (or its shoes)., The centers of the various standard bend angles must be found, and the shoe(s) marked on a new mechanical or electric bender in order to use the push-through method of bending., A multi-groove …15 deg = 3.864. 22 1/2 deg = 2.613. 30 deg = 2. 37 1/2 deg = 1.643. 45 deg = 1.414. 60 deg = 1.555. I round to the 1st decimal place and I know the common ones but I wanted to check myself so I listed all from one chart. Tom.An average and commonly used value for the K-factor is 0.446. We multiply this factor by the material thickness to determine the distance the neutral axis shifted toward the inside radius during bending. …Once this is set, scoot the pipe back about a 1/2” to 3/4” of an inch behind the first bend and twist/spin the conduit 180 degrees to prepare for the next bend. Next you’ll do the exact same thing, bending the second bend between the 10 and 22.5 degree mark to match the first bend. Now your pipe should make a slight “Z” shape at the end. What is the multiplier for a 15 degree bend? What is the multiplier for 10 Bend? This is where the multipliers of 6 for 10 degrees, 2.6 for 22.5 degrees, 2.0 for 30 degrees, 1.4 …Sketched Bends. You can add bend lines to a flat face of a sheet metal part with a sketched bend feature. This lets you dimension the bend line to other geometry. Sketch on sheet metal face. Sketched bend applied. Some items to note about a sketched bend feature: Only lines are allowed in the sketch. You can add more than one line per sketch.Lots of math is built into the hand bender device. Only a few numbers and math operations need to be memorized to make offsets, saddles and 90 degree bends.Even the “multiplier” and “deduct” figures are usually stamped onto the bender device. For more information on using a hand bender, see my comprehensive guide to bending conduit. Radius and …The temperature 19 degrees Celsius is 66.2 degrees Fahrenheit. The equation for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit is F=(9/5)*C+32, or degrees Celsius multiplied by nine, which is then divided by five and added to 32. To convert Fahrenheit to...Degree of Bend Multiplier Degree of Bend Multiplier Degree of Bend Multiplier 1 .0000 31 .0136 61 .1134 2 .0000 32 .0150 62 .1196 3 .0000 33 .0165 63 .1260 4 .0000 34 .0181 64 .1327 5 .0000 35 .0197 65 .1397 6 .0001 36 .0215 66 .1469 7 .0001 37 .0234 67 .1544Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Minimal bending radius for 3 inch rigid conduit, Minimum bending radius for 1/2 inch rigid conduit, Maximum …Terms in this set (4) What is the multiplier for a 22.5 degree bend? 2.7. What is the multiplier for a 30 degree bend? 2. What is the multiplier for a 45 degree bend? 1.414. What is the multiplier for a 60 degree bend? 1.16. your bend radii. For example if you have a simple 90 degree bend in a 20 mm tube does it really matter to your design whether the bend radii is 40 mm, 50 mm or 60 mm? So why not label it as 50 mm +/- 10 mm. If you need larger radius bends then push or roll bending could be the solution and the minimum radius that is really feasible with that is;Fig. 3 Fig. 4Sharp Bend (90° elbow) Smooth Bend v v Fig. 5 Schematic layout of pipe network with fittings . 5. For each pipe fitting, find the loss coefficient K from eq. (3). Also, calculate the Darcy’s friction factor f from eq. (2) and substitute in eq. (4) to obtain equivalent length for the fitting. Compare theDegree of Bend Multiplier Degree of Bend Multiplier Degree of Bend Multiplier 1 .0000 31 .0136 61 .1134 2 .0000 32 .0150 62 .1196 3 .0000 33 .0165 63 .1260 4 .0000 34 .0181 64 .1327 5 .0000 35 .0197 65 .1397 6 .0001 36 .0215 66 .1469 7 .0001 37 .0234 67 .1544An average and commonly used value for the K-factor is 0.446. We multiply this factor by the material thickness to determine the distance the neutral axis shifted toward the inside radius during bending. …Using a multiplier of 3, put the next 2 marks on each side your 1st mark. Your 1st mark you will line up with the star/bend 15 degrees, 2nd mark will line up with the 30 degree center bend that was established earlier/ bend 30 degrees third bend will line up with the arrow/ bend 15 degrees Example- 2” obstruction 16” to centerL4 = 15 25 degree angle . L5 = 26 . Bend #1 Start Point: L1 – ½ developed length (DL25) – ½ ...The following formula should be used to determine the start point for each required bend. The example will be for a Double Bevel Bend L1 = 26 25 degree angle L2 = 15 65 degree angle L3 = 39 65 degree angle L4 = 15 25 degree angle L5 = 26 Bend #1 Start Point: L1 – ½ developed length (DL25) – ½ (Gain)1/12 pitch in degrees is a 4.76° roof angle. 2/12 pitch in degrees is a 9.46° roof angle. 3/12 pitch in degrees is a 14.04° roof angle. 4/12 pitch in degrees is an 18.43° roof angle. 5/12 pitch in degrees is a 22.62° roof angle. 6/12 pitch in degrees is a 26.57° roof angle. 7/12 pitch in degrees is a 30.26° roof angle.Once this is set, scoot the pipe back about a 1/2” to 3/4” of an inch behind the first bend and twist/spin the conduit 180 degrees to prepare for the next bend. Next you’ll do the exact same thing, bending the second bend between the 10 and 22.5 degree mark to match the first bend. Now your pipe should make a slight “Z” shape at the end.Online degree programs are becoming increasingly popular for those looking to further their education without having to attend a traditional college or university. With so many online degree programs available, it can be difficult to know w..."Unlock Hidden Math Magic with 15 Degree Offset Multiplier - Multiply Faster & Easier! Get Your Hands on the Ultimate Tool of Awesomeness Now!" ... Although 15 degree bends are critical in various industries, some common problems arise when trying to make these bends. One of the common struggles is maintaining the bend's accuracy, especially ...Example: 5 inches of offset 15-degree bend Multiplier for 15˚: 3.86 Multiply the amount HEIGHT OF OFFSET of offset by the multiplier to find the center-to-center distance: 5 x 3.86 = 19.3 Round off to the nearest 1. Measure the obstruction. common fraction: 19-5/16 2. Determine the angle of the offset bends. 3. Calculate the center-to-center distance. See …Create the final bend at a 22.5-degree angle. The second outside bend should be a mirror image of the first outside bend. Once again, use your body to add steady pressure onto the end of the conduit to push it down until the bottom lines up with the 22.5-degree mark on the bender head. For a 30-60-30 saddle, make this final bend a 30 …Mathematics of the Offset Bend Degree of Bend in Degrees (Angle) Multiplier Shrinkage Multiplier in inches 10 6 1/16 15 3.9 1/8 22.5 2.6 3/16 30 2 1/4Apr 27, 2017 · For example: In a 3 bend saddle with 45 degree center, your multiplier is 2.5 for the standard method but 2.61 for the push thru method. Further, the conduit O.D. is added to the quotient of the offset height and multiplier with the push-thru. The following formula should be used to determine the start point for each required bend. The example will be for a Double Bevel Bend L1 = 26 L2 = 15 25 degree angle L3 = 39 …Edit multiplier for 15 degree offset. Rearrange and rotate pages, insert new and alter existing texts, add new objects, and take advantage of other helpful ...What is the multiplier for a 15-degree bend? What is the 10 Bend multiplier? This is where the multipliers are: 6 for 10 degrees, 2.6 for 22.5 degrees, 2.0 for 30 degrees, 1.4 for 45 degrees, and 1.2 for 60 degrees. Because it does not use the length of the bend’s arc, this method is an approximation that is not mathematically correct.As an example, to bend 3/4” EMT conduit have a free end height of 8.5”, the table indicates to subtract 6” from the 8.5” which leave 2.5” from the end to bend up to make the mark. Tip: Advanced benders can lay a tape measure next to the conduit and perform the bending operations if the bend does not call for high degree of accuracy. 4. Sep 12, 2023 · 15 deg = 3.864. 22 1/2 deg = 2.613. 30 deg = 2. 37 1/2 deg = 1.643. 45 deg = 1.414. 60 deg = 1.555. I round to the 1st decimal place and I know the common ones but I wanted to check myself so I listed all from one chart. Tom. 21-3/4 inches. Two 90-degree bends in the same piece of conduit are required for a (n)? Back-to-back bend. When creating an offset using 10-degree bends (with a multiplier of 6) to cross a 6-inch obstruction, the distance between the bends is? 36 inches. Which of the following is most commonly used to cut RMC and IMC?Multipliers for Conduit Offsets Degree of Bend Multiplier 10 degrees 6.0 22 degrees 2.6 30 degrees 2.0 45 degrees 1. ... What is the shrink constant for an angle of 15?The temperature 19 degrees Celsius is 66.2 degrees Fahrenheit. The equation for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit is F=(9/5)*C+32, or degrees Celsius multiplied by nine, which is then divided by five and added to 32. To convert Fahrenheit to...What is the multiplier for a 15-degree bend? What is the 10 Bend multiplier? This is where the multipliers are: 6 for 10 degrees, 2.6…What is the 45-degree bend multiplier? Mathematics of the Offset Bend Degree of Bend in Degrees (Angle) Multiplier Shrinkage Multiplier in inches 15 3.9 1/8 22.5 2.6 3/16 30 2 1/4 45 1.4 3/8 Mathematics of the Offset Bend Degree of Bend in Degrees (Angle) Multiplier Shrinkage Multiplier in inches 15 3.9 1/8 22.5 2.6 3/16 30 2 1/4 45 1.4 3/8LSB12515. Also Known As. Sweeps Sweep Bend Sweep Bends Conduit Bend Conduit Bends Sweep Elbow Sweep Elbows ...Then angle $UPS$ is 15 degrees, and angle $RTU$ is 30 degrees. By the Triangle Ratios Theorem , we have: \begin{align} \sin 15^\circ &= US = PQ-RU = PT\cos 30^\circ - TU …As an example, to bend 3/4” EMT conduit have a free end height of 8.5”, the table indicates to subtract 6” from the 8.5” which leave 2.5” from the end to bend up to make the mark. Tip: Advanced benders can lay a tape measure next to the conduit and perform the bending operations if the bend does not call for high degree of accuracy. 4.First, bend the 90 and choose a spot to add the small "kick" bend. The closer to the 90 it is, the more degrees it will require, but at the same time, if it is too far away from the 90, it will look decidedly odd. Mark the conduit and place the bender mark for a normal 90-degree bend at the mark.The center-to-center dimension for a 45-degree bend is equal to the desired size of the offset times the cosecant 1.414. A cosecant is used to determine the distance between the centers of the two bends used to make an offset. A 45-degree a...To calculate plumbing math pipe offsets using 45 degree and 22 1/2 degree elbows use the following chart. To use this chart simply multiply the known side by the corresponding number to find the missing value. The topic of math calculations in reference to plumbing is covered in other related posts discussing plumbing math.Wide foot pedal provides excellent stability, leverage, and comfort. Interior hook surface prevents conduit from rolling or twisting during bends. Includes markings for 10-Degrees, 22.5-Degrees, 30-Degrees, 45-Degrees, 60-Degrees and corresponding offset multipliers. Features Klein’s 1-Inch Angle Setter™ (Cat. No. 51613) that creates a hard ...L4 = 15 25 degree angle . L5 = 26 . Bend #1 Start Point: L1 – ½ developed length (DL25) – ½ ...Start by 15 minutes boiling raw chicken breasts, 20 minutes boiling raw boneless chicken thighs, and 30 minutes boiling raw bone-in chicken thighs. Then take a look at the internal temperature. Add 5 minutes of cooking time if the temperature is below 165 degrees and repeat until the temperature reaches 165 degrees.The deduct for your bender should be stamped on the bender. To use the deduct figure, measure the distance to the far edge of the 90 and subtract the deduct figure. If ½" pipe is being bent and the distance is 56", place a mark on the conduit at 51"; this is where the bender will be placed. Work the bender onto the conduit with the conduit ...offset bend — two bends with the same degree of bend; used to avoid an obstruction blocking the run of the conduit or pipe 15. ram travel — the distance that the ram of hydraulic bender moves to accomplish a particular bend; inches of ram travel are proportionate to degrees of bend 16. rise — the distance from the end To use the deduct subtract the number in the table from your measurement. For example: if your measurement is 55" and you are using a ½" bender, your new measurement is 50". Mark the conduit, taking note of which you are measuring from. In the example, the mark should be at 50" from one end. Insert the electrical pipe into the bender, with the ...While the slopes of the common rafters are expressed as “X-in-12″, the slope of the hip and valley rafter on the same roof will be “X-in-16.97“. So where two roof sections intersect to form a 90° angle (a regular hip or valley), and each roof section has, for example, a 6-in-12 slope, the hip or valley rafter at that intersection will have a slope of 6-in-16.97.Amazon Prime Student 6 month Free Trial: https://amzn.to/2J4txZw Amazon Prime 30 Day Free Trial: https://amzn.to/3mqTcdq DEWALT DCF815S2 12-Volt Max 1/4-Inch...the equivalent length of elbows and bends to get total equivalent length. Equivalent length = + Length + Losses from bends (see Table 5-1)Length Horizontal Vertical 2. Table 5-1 lists the equivalent length gained from adding bends to the suction line. Properly size the suction line to minimize capacity loss. 1 1/8 1 3/8 1 5/8What is the multiplier for a 15-degree bend? What is the 10 Bend multiplier? This is where the multipliers are: 6 for 10 degrees, 2.6 for 22.5 degrees, 2.0 for 30 degrees, 1.4 for 45 degrees, and 1.2 for 60 degrees. Because it does not use the length of the bend’s arc, this method is an approximation that is not mathematically correct. For example: In a 3 bend saddle with 45 degree center, your multiplier is 2.5 for the standard method but 2.61 for the push thru method. Further, the conduit O.D. is added to the quotient of the offset height and multiplier with the push-thru.What is the multiplier for a 15-degree bend? What is the 10 Bend multiplier? This is where the multipliers are: 6 for 10 degrees, 2.6 for 22.5 degrees, 2.0 for 30 degrees, 1.4 for 45 degrees, and 1.2 for 60 degrees. Because it does not use the length of the bend’s arc, this method is an approximation that is not mathematically correct. Wide foot pedal provides excellent stability, leverage, and comfort. Interior hook surface prevents conduit from rolling or twisting during bends. Includes markings for 10-Degrees, 22.5-Degrees, 30-Degrees, 45-Degrees, 60-Degrees and corresponding offset multipliers. Features Klein’s 1/2-Inch Angle Setter™ (Cat. No. 51611) that creates a ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Shrink for 10 Degree bend, Shrink for a 15 Degree Bend, Shrink for a 22.5 Degree Bend and more. ... Shrink Constants & Offset Multipliers For Pipe Bends. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Created by. franknature. Terms in this set (9) Shrink for …What is the multiplier for a 15 degree bend? What is the multiplier for 10 Bend? This is where the multipliers of 6 for 10 degrees, 2.6 for 22.5 degrees, 2.0 for 30 degrees, 1.4 for 45 degrees, and 1.2 for 60 degrees come from. This method is an approximation and is not mathematically correct, because it does not use the length of the arc of ... "Unlock Hidden Math Magic with 15 Degree Offset Multiplier - Multiply Faster & Easier! Get Your Hands on the Ultimate Tool of Awesomeness Now!" ... Although 15 degree bends are critical in various industries, some common problems arise when trying to make these bends. One of the common struggles is maintaining the bend's accuracy, especially ...What is the multiplier for a 22 degree bend? Multipliers for Conduit Offsets . Degree of Bend Multiplier; 10 degrees: 6.0: 22 degrees: 2.6: 30 degrees: 2.0: 45 degrees: 1.4: How is radius measured? radius is always half the length of its diameter. For example, if the diameter is 4 cm, the radius equals 4 cm 2 = 2 cm. How do you calculate …Whichever material you use, verify that the bender will accommodate the conduit size. In addition to the tool's material, look for a degree scale and multiplier ...OPERATION, SERVICE AND PARTS INSTRUCTION MANUAL 999 6196.2 © 2019 Greenlee Tools, Inc. IM 689 REV 9 3/19 880 HYDRAULIC BENDER Read and understand this material beforeWith an increase in the bend radius, the SIF decreases and finally reaches 1.0 for the straight pipe. The SIF for a 45-degree elbow and a 90-degree elbow is the same and the bend radius is the same. With an increase in nominal pipe thickness or schedule, the SIF of a bend (90-degree) keeps on decreasing till its value is equal to 1.0.Sep 25, 2018 · Assume we need a 4" offset, and that it must take place in exactly 15". What is the angle to be used? We know that A = 4 and B = 15. We also know that tan(d) = 4 / 15, or .2666. The calculator tells us that the inverse tangent of .2666 = 15º. At the same time we can find the multiplier of a 15º bend by dividing one by What is the distance multiplier for a 15 degree bend? 3.86 What is the distance multiplier for a 22.5 degree bend? 2.61 What is the distance multiplier for a 30 degree bend? 2 What is the distance multiplier for a 45 degree bend? 1.41 What is the shrink constant for a 5 degree bend? .044 or 1/16 What is the shrink constant for a 10 degree bend?Two 90-degree bends in the same piece of conduit are required for a(n)? Back-to-back bend When creating an offset using 10-degree bends (with a multiplier of 6) to cross a 6-inch obstruction, the distance between the bends is?what is the distance multiplier for a 15 degree bend ( 3 bend saddle) 3.86. what is the distance multiplier for a 22 1/2 degree bend ( 3 bend saddle) 2.61. Other sets by this …Multipliers for Conduit Offsets Degree of Bend Multiplier 10 degrees 6.0 22 degrees 2.6 30 degrees 2.0 45 degrees 1. ... What is the shrink constant for an angle of 15?The distance between bends found by multiplying the height of the offset by the cosecant of the angle is a method given in many popular handbooks, manuals, and references. This is where the multipliers of 6 for 10 degrees, 2.6 for 22.5 degrees, 2.0 for 30 degrees, 1.4 for 45 degrees, and 1.2 for 60 degrees come from.Degree of Bend Multiplier Degree of Bend Multiplier Degree of Bend Multiplier 1 .0000 31 .0136 61 .1134 2 .0000 32 .0150 62 .1196 3 .0000 33 .0165 63 .1260 4 .0000 34 .0181 64 .1327 5 .0000 35 .0197 65 .1397 6 .0001 36 .0215 66 .1469 7 .0001 37 .0234 67 .1544What is the offset multiplier for a 30 degree bend? 2 . What is the offset multiplier for a 45 degree bend? ... When bending a 44-inch back-to-back bend with 15 ...Secure Double Bolted Handle. Most Bending References. Wear Resistant Reference Chart. Key Reference Angles on Shoe. Offset Multipliers on Shoe. 30, 45, and 60 Degree Center of Saddle Bend Notches. Back of 90 Degree Bend Indicator. Lightweight Aluminum Shoe. For 3/4" EMT, 1/2 Rigid, and 1/2" IMC.Suppose you need to avoid a part of a obstruction that requires an 8-inch offset, you are going to use 30-degree bends, and you are 40 inches from the obstruction. Table 5-3 shows that the constant multiplier for 30-degree bends is 2 and the shrinkage of one-fourth inch equals 2 inches for a total of 42 inches. Using the formula, multiply the ...How to construct a 30 degree angle. A 30° angle is half of , The mark on the bender that is used to bend a 90 degre, To find the travel length of a rolling offset with 1-foot horizontal offset and 1-foot vertical offset using a 4, Two 45-degree offsets, an elbow, and three 15-degree kicks. ... The gain for a 90-degree bend with a gain factor of, So you’ve got a deformity in your toe where it bends or points downward and causes pain and discomfort? You, Table 5-3 shows that the constant multiplier for 30-degree bends is 2 and ... Figure 5-49 is an ex, We are a specialist manufacturer of long radius elbows or pipe elbows in size range of 1/2″ to 48″ in , A conduit bending guide for bending a 90 degree bend in electrical, Degree scale. One side of the tool (closed hook side) is scaled for , c. 31.4". The NEC specifies the minimum radius of conduit b, For example, if your die creates a 2.2" radius, and you need to c, Whichever material you use, verify that the bender will, Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 3/4&q, OPERATION, SERVICE AND PARTS INSTRUCTION MANUAL 999 6196.2, Jan 11, 2022 · What is the shrink constant for a 15-degr, The multiplier is the number of the measured distanc, 2. Minimum Fiber Optic Cable Bend Radius. “Operators, True. Total shrink for a three- and four-bend saddle .